AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/083
*Corresponding Author: Rabindra Nath Das, Department of Statistics, The University of Burdwan,Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
Citation: S Karmakar, I Saha, Ranjan K Sahoo, Sunit K Medda, R Kottapalli and R Das. (2021) The glucose level linkages with breast cancer markers. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics. 5(3); Doi: 10.31579/2640-1053/083
Copyright: © 2021, RabindraNath Das, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 01 May 2021 | Accepted: 10 May 2021 | Published: 13 May 2021
Keywords: adiponectin; breast cancer markers; glucose; leptin; MCP-1; resistin; non-constant variance
The glucose level linkages with breast cancer (BC) biomarkers are focused in the article adopting probabilistic modeling with a real data set surveyed from 64 BC women and 52 normal women along with 10 interested study factors. It is derived that mean glucose levels are over for BC women (P=0.02224) than normal. Mean glucose levels are inversely linked with insulin (P< 0.00001), interaction effects of leptin and adiponectin (leptin*adiponectin) (P=0.08834), homeostasis model assessment score insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and leptin (HOMA-IR*leptin) (P<0.00001), while they are directly linked with HOMA-IR (P<0.00001) and leptin (P<0.00001). The variance of glucose levels is inversely linked with leptin (P=0.00022), insulin (P=0.01365), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (P=0.01153), insulin*HOMA-IR (P=0.00022), age*resistin (P=0.03974), age*HOMA-IR(P=0.03102), while it is directly linked with HOMA-IR (P<0.00001), resistin (P=0.02182) and age (P=0.00133). Glucose levels are higher for BC women, and they increase along with the increased levels of HOMA-IR, leptin, and the decreased levels of insulin, HOMA-IR*leptin, leptin*adiponectin.
Worldwide, diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer are normal diseases with an outrageous impression on human health. Epidemiologic studies present that DM individuals are always at higher risk of cancer [1-4]. Several research reports have illustrated that there is a direct link between obesity and cruelty of BC [5-7]. A current report has established the linking between BC markers and body mass index (BMI) [7]. Linking between the BC prognosis and metabolic syndrome has been recorded in [8-11]. It is noted that metabolic syndrome is acquainted as a summation of at least three of the following metabolic risks such as obesity, high serum triglycerides, elevated serum glucose, higher blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [8, 10]. The principal mechanisms of the linking between obesity, BC progression and metabolic syndrome have yet to be completely demonstrated, and the previous epidemiological studies remain contradicting [12-16]. A mechanism proposes that it is for higher oestrogen levels that are adjusted from cholesterol [17]. Glucose metabolisms, insulin, resistin, lipid and leptin are postulated as probable intermediate mechanisms that are responsible for developing links between BC markers and obesity [9, 11, 13, 18-20]. A positive linking between triglycerides and BC markers has been noted in [16]. Also, high insulin and leptin levels are linked with reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein that is supposed to increase risk of BC [19, 20].
Cancer research articles are mainly based on preliminary statistics such as usual multiple regression [8, 11, 16], Cox model analysis [4], logistic regression, Kaplan Meier analysis [20], which are inappropriate for physiological heteroscedastic data analysis. Very few earlier research articles have focused the interaction effects as the component of the linking between glucose levels and BC markers. Recently, some BC marker probabilistic models for resistin, MCP-1, leptin and adiponectin have shown many complicated linkages with glucose levels [21-24]. The current report derives all the findings herein based on the probabilistic models of glucose levels with the BC markers along with the rest factors. The report is arranged as follows. The next section presents materials & methods, and the subsequent sections present results & discussions, and conclusions.
Materials
Study units & design: 154 Portuguese females currently diagnosed with BC were approved from the University Hospital Centre of Coimbra (CHUC), Gynaecology Department, between 2009 and 2013. The subjects were grouped into four classes depending on their BMI and the BC status. The 4 classes are: (1) BC normal & BMI levels <25 kg/m2, n = 29; (2) BC normal & BMI levels>25 kg/ m2, n = 48; (3) BC present with BMI levels<25 kg/ m2, n = 30; and (4) BC present with BMI levels>25 kg/ m2, n = 47. The BC normal, BMI control and obesity study women were taken from the Medicine Department of the same hospital. These study subjects were not identified with BC family history and malignant disease.
The selected BC women with normal BMI, or obesity had been treated in the Gynaecology Department of the same hospital. These study subjects were detected BC for the first time adopting positive mammography and histologically confirmed tests. Moreover, these BC patients were free from any infection, or acute disease during the entry study time. The same doctor researcher extracted all the interested clinical information along with anthropometric data from each selected unit during the first counseling. Finally, only 116 (64 BC and 52 normal women) were taken in the study, and the rest 38 study units were excluded due to obesity with BMI>40 kg/m2.
The above illustrated data set can be obtained from UCI Machine Learning Repository, and the detailed description of the data set is presented in [25, 26]. For necessary application of the factors / variables, they are described as study unit type (SUT) (1= normal; 2= BC patients), age, BMI (kg/m2), Insulin (μU/mL) (INS), HOMA-IR, Glucose (mg/dL) (GLU), Resistin (ng/mL) (RES), MCP-1, Adiponectin (μg/mL) (ADP), Leptin(ng/mL) (LEP).
Statistical methods
The report aims to derive the probabilistic model of glucose levels based on the remaining as the explanatory variables. It is identified that the response glucose level is heteroscedastic, which should be modeled applying joint generalized linear models (JGLMs) that is clearly presented in [27-29]. It is found that the joint gamma model fit gives better results so it is presented very shortly herein.
Statistical and graphical analysis
The random response glucose level is treated as the dependent variable and the rest others are treated as the explanatory variables. Note that the response glucose level is heterogeneous, which is modeled by JGLMs under gamma distribution. The best model is selected based on the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) value that reduces both the squared error loss and predicted additive errors [30, p. 203-204]. A few insignificant effects are added in both the models due to marginality rule introduced by Nelder [31]. JGLMs for glucose level gamma fit outcomes are summarized in Table 1.
The derived glucose level JGLM gamma fit (Table 1) is a data obtained model, so it should be accepted through graphical diagnostic checking, which is revealed in Figure 1. Figure 1(a) presents the glucose level gamma fitted absolute residuals against the glucose level fitted values, which is a flat straight line except right tail. This reveals that variance is equal with the running means. In addition, absolute residuals are randomly dispersed at a point of the fitted value, except only two absolute residuals. Figure 1(b) represents the glucose level gamma fitted mean normal probability plot (Table 1) that does not identify any lack of fit. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) confirm that gamma fitted glucose level JGLMs are close to the true model (Table 1).
Table 1 reveals the glucose level JGLMs fitted outcomes. It is derived herein that mean glucose levels are over for BC women (P=0.02224) than normal. Mean glucose levels are inversely linked with insulin (P<0.00001), interaction effects of leptin*adiponectin (P=0.08834), HOMA-IR*leptin (P<0.00001), while they are directly linked with HOMA-IR (P<0.00001) and leptin (P<0.00001). The variance of glucose levels is inversely linked with leptin (P=0.00022), insulin (P=0.01365), MCP-1 (P=0.01153), insulin*HOMA-IR (P=0.00022), age*resistin (P=0.03974), age*HOMA-IR(P=0.03102), while it is directly linked with HOMA-IR (P<0.00001), resistin (P=0.02182) and age (P=0.00133).
Gamma fitted glucose level mean (μ) model (from Table 1) is
μ = exp(4.3934 + 0.62842 HOMA-IR – 0.12821 INS + 0.02163 SUT + 0.00351 LEP
+ 0.00092 ADI – 0.00013 LEP*ADI – 0.00174 HOMA-IR*LEP),
and the gamma fitted glucose level variance (σ2
) model (from Table 1) is
σ2= exp (–8.84402 + 2.00523 HOMA-IR + 0.053 Age – 0.00704 Age*HOMA-IR – 0.03942 LEP – 0.16214 INS + 0.12931 RES – 0.01132 INS*HOMA-IR – 0.00212 Age*RES – 0.00143 MCP-1).
From Table 1, it is found that mean glucose levels are directly linked with SUT (1=normal; 2= BC patients) (P=0.02224), interpreting that glucose levels are over for BC women than normal. This is frequently noticed in reality, which implies that DM study units have a higher BC risk. Mean glucose levels are inversely linked with insulin (P<0.00001), concluding that glucose levels decrease as the insulin levels increase. This is the mechanism of balancing glucose levels of human beings. Mean glucose levels are directly linked with HOMA-IR (P<0.00001), or leptin (P<0.00001), it concludes that glucose levels increase if HOMA-IR, or leptin levels rise. Even though the HOMA-IR and leptin levels are directly linked with mean glucose levels, their joint interaction effect HOMA-IR*leptin (P<0.00001) is inversely linked with it. In addition, adiponectin (P=0.43713) is insignificantly linked with mean glucose levels, but the interaction effect leptin*adiponectin (P=0.08834) is inversely partially linked with mean glucose levels.
The variance of glucose levels is directly linked with age (P=0.00133) and HOMA-IR (P<0.00001), while their joint interaction effect age*HOMA-IR (P=0.03102) is inversely linked with it. These indicate that glucose levels are highly scattered in older women, and also for the subjects with higher HOMA-IR scores. But due to their joint interaction effect, variance of glucose levels is not so highly scattered. In addition, similarly as age, resistin (P=0.02182) is also directly related with the variance of glucose levels, while their joint interaction effect age*resistin (P=0.03974) is inversely linked with it. The interpretations are similar to age & HOMA-IR. Again, HOMA-IR is directly related, and insulin (P=0.01365) is inversely related with the variance of glucose levels, while their joint interaction effect insulin*HOMA-IR (P=0.00022) is inversely associated with it. On the other hand, leptin (P=0.00022) and MCP-1 (P=0.01153) are inversely linked with the variance of glucose levels, concluding that scatteredness of the glucose levels is higher if the leptin levels, or MCP-1 levels decrease.
From the above it is observed that both for mean and dispersion of glucose levels have very complicated functional linkages with the BC markers such as MCP-1, resistin, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, leptin along with BMI, age and insulin. Note that functional linkages of variance of glucose levels are very little focused in the previous reports. The present findings are fully new in the diabetes and BC literature, therefore these outcomes are little reported in the similar earlier published reports.
The linkages of glucose levels with some BC markers along with BMI, age and insulin are focused in the report based on JGLMs. Note that the accepted gamma fitted model satisfies lowest AIC value, graphical testing, and smaller standard error of the estimates. The current results of glucose levels are very little focused in the earlier reports. It is expected that these linkages of glucose level will be held for any similar data set, which is not verified herein as we have not any similar data in hand. Glucose levels are higher for BC women, and they increase along with the increased levels of HOMA-IR, leptin, and the decreased levels of insulin, HOMA-IR*leptin, leptin*adiponectin. Medical experts can interpret the role of glucose levels for BC women from this report. Moreover, it may provide very clear activities of glucose levels for the BC women. DM women should be more careful on BC risk.
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
